anaemia | classification | clinical feature(sign and symptom)

              ANAEMIA.

defination-It is defined as a state in which the blood haemoglobin level is below the normal range.

normal in adult is between 13-16 g/dL in males 

                                       11.5-15.0 g/dL in females.

clssification 

by 2 ways

anaemias can be classified in two ways:

1. Based on the cause of anaemia.

2. Based on the morphology of red cells.

--Based on the cause of anaemia

• Blood loss, which may be acute or chronic

• Acute (large volume over short period)

• Chronic (small volume over long period)

• Inadequate production of normal red cells

• Excessive destruction of red cells

--Based on the morphology of red cells

• Normocytic

• Microcytic

• Macrocytic

etiology.

*Due to blood loss

 *Due to less production of normal red cells

*Due to more destruction of red cells

clinical feature 

symptoms------

Fatigue

lassitude

dyspnoea

palpitation

Irritability

sleep disturbances

lack of concentration.

 headache 

tinnitus 

vertigo

sign

.Pallor of skin palms, oral mucous membrane, nail beds.

 Tachycardia

 wide pulse pressure.

Oedema.

Cervical venous hum

 hyperdynamic precordium 

Ejection systolic murmur 

Cardiac dilatation 

bronchial asthma

BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

It is defined as of dyspnoea, cough, chest tightness and wheezing, that vary over time and in intensity, together with variable expiratory airflow limitation. that result with narrowing of airway

Asthma is usually associated with bronchial hyper-reactivity

classification

early onset 

late onset

etiopathogenesis

1. Bronchialhyper-responsiveness.

2. Inflammatory reaction in bronchial wall 

cells involves in release of mediaters

Mast cells

• Macrophages

• Eosinophils

• Lymphocytes

mediaters are

Histamine

• Prostaglandins (PGD2, PGF2a and PGE2) 

• Thromboxane

Leucotrienes 

• Platelet activating factor 

• Bradykinin

• TNF-cx, IL-4, IL-5

Investigations------

Chest radiography:

Pulmonary function tests

abg

Skin hypersensitivity tests

Elevated serum IgE levels.

managment------

3-adrenoreceptoragonists.

 Methylxanthines.

 Corticosteroids.

 Chromones.

 Anticholinergics.

 Leucotriene inhibitors.